ARU Harvard

When making reference to an author's whole work in your text, it is sufficient to give the name followed by the year of publication of their work:


However, where you are mentioning a particular part of the work, and making direct or indirect reference to this, a page reference should be included:


An indirect reference

If you make reference to a work or piece of research without mentioning the author in the text then both the author's name and publication year are placed at the relevant point in the sentence or at the end of the sentence in brackets:

If you want to include text from a published work in your essay then the sentence(s) must be included within quotation marks, and may be introduced by such phrases as:


or


In order for a reader to trace the quoted section it is good practice to give the number of the page where the quotation was found. You may also indent quotations, but should consult your Faculty, for guidance and the relevant Academic Regulations.

For books with multiple authors, all* the names should all be included in the order they appear in the document. Use an and to link the last two multiple authors.

* Additional Advice for documents with very large numbers of authors.
Some documents have very large numbers of authors, particularly in certain disciplines. There may be a very large numbers of authors and a wish not to include them all in a reference list. In these cases it is recommended that advice from the Faculty is sought, to establish if it is permitted to cite only a reduced number.

The required elements for a reference are:

Authors, Initials., Year. Title of book. Edition. (only include this if not the first edition) Place: Publisher.

Reference



An in-text reference for the above examples would read:

For books which are edited give the editor(s) surname(s) and initials, followed by ed. or eds..

The required elements for a reference are:

Author, Initials., ed., Year. Title of book. Edition. Place: Publisher.

For a pdf version of, for example, a Government publication or similar which is freely available:

The required elements for a reference are:

Authorship, Year. Title of documents. [type of medium] Place of publication (if known): Publisher. Followed by Available at: include web address or URL for the actual pdf, where available [Accessed date].

For articles accessed through a password protected database from the University Library:

Author, Initials., Year. Title of article. Full Title of Journal, [type of medium] Volume number (Issue/Part number), Page numbers if available. Available through: ARU Library website <http://library.aru.ac.uk> [Accessed date].


An example of a Cochrane Review


An example of an early view article from the BMJ

Articles from web based magazines or journals, including Open Access articles found in institutional repositories.

Authors, Initials., Year. Title of article. Full Title of Journal or Magazine, [online] Available at: web address (quote the exact URL for the article) [Accessed date].

For a journal abstract from a database where you have been unable to access the full article, the required elements for a reference are:

Author, Initials., Year. Title of article. Full Title of Journal, [type of medium] Volume number (Issue/Part number), Page numbers if available. Abstract only. Available through: Source [Accessed date].


Every effort should be made to read the article in full if you intend to use this work as supporting evidence in an academic submission.

For newspaper articles found in online newspapers, the required elements for a reference are:

Author or corporate author, Year. Title of document or page. Name of newspaper, [type of medium] additional date information. Available at: <url> [Accessed date].



An in-text reference for the above examples would read:



It is good practice to keep in your files a copy of the first page of any web pages you use

The required elements for a reference accessed online:

Short Title including year (chapter number). [online] Available at: <URL> [Accessed date]

For Acts prior to 1963, the regnal year and parliamentary session are included:

Road Transport Lighting Act 1957. (5&6 Eliz. 2, c.51). London: HMSO.

For a direct in-text reference:

For a indirect in-text reference:

If you need to refer to a specific section and paragraph, include the section, paragraph number and subsection.

Finance Act 2007. s.45(9)(b).

The required elements for a reference are:

Statutory Instrument

Short title (with key words capitalized). Year. the abbreviation 'SI' followed by the year of publication and the SI number. Place of publication: Publisher.

For an in- text reference:

Code of Practice

For an in-text reference:
When discussing a Code of Practice linked to legislation, refer to the code of practice within the text of your writing and cite the piece of legislation to which is attached

Full reference

For an in- text reference:

Full reference

The required elements for a reference are:

Corporate author, Year. Full title of annual report, Place of Publication: Publisher.


For an e-version of an annual report. The required elements for a reference are:

Author or corporate author, Year. Title of document or page, [type of medium]
Available at: include web site address/URL(Uniform Resource Locator)
[Accessed date]


It is good practice to keep in your files a copy of the front page of any website you use containing reference details

The required elements for a reference are:

Inventor name, Initials., Assignee, Year. Title. Place. Patent number (status, if an application).

Example:

When reviewing a number of different plays it is essential to cite the title of the plays. If reviewing one play (for example Twelfth Night), it is not necessary to repeat the title in your citations.

Published plays may contain line numbers, particularly in classic texts such as Shakespeare. If they exist it is good practice to include the line number. Act and Scene numbers must always be included.

Classic plays are available in edited editions and the editor's name should be included with your reference.

The required elements for a reference are:

Author, Initials., Year (of edition). Title of play. Edited by (name of editor, initials first, then surname). Place of publication: Publisher.


In-text:

After the date, add Act.Scene: line number(s). Line numbers may not be available, Act.Scene should always be included.

Where you have conducted an interview - using a primary source. You are recommended to check with your Faculty Office for detailed guidance on what you may include.

Where you are conducting the interview, it is important to check with the person being interviewed that they will be in agreement with a transcript of the interview being made available. Since this will not be a publicly available document, it may be included as a transcript within an Appendix in your piece of work.

The citation for this interview should refer to the Appendix.



In the Appendix you should include details such as:

Interviewee's name. Year of interview. Title of interview. Interviewed by ...name. [type of medium/format] Location and exact date of interview . Together with the transcript.

Where you are using an interview from a source such as a television programme

The suggested elements for a reference are:

Interviewee name, Initials., Year of Interview. Title of Interview. (or Interview on ..name of programme) Interviewed by ...name (first name and surname). [type of medium/format] Name of Channel, Date of transmission, time of transmission.



An in-text reference for the above examples would read:

These may be print or electronic.

For a print press release:
Corporate author of press release, Year. Title. Press release, date.


For an electronic press release:

Corporate author of press release, Year. Title. [press release] date. Available at: web address [Accessed date].

Where data is extracted from a data source such as Isurv or FAME, both the source with the year of currency for that data, should be acknowledge in an in-text reference. Complete details should be included in the reference list.



Where you have gathered and manipulated data from a data source like FAME or OECD and placed this in a table of your own making, we recommend that you give the source and year of currency for the data, as the in-text reference and include a note to an appendix. In the appendix you can reproduce the source tables you have used to create your table and include adequate details of how you generated the table you have used in your work.

For websites found on the internet the required elements for a reference are:

Authorship or Source, Year. Title of web document or web page. [type of medium] (date of update if available) Available at: include web address/URL * [Accessed date].




*URL means Uniform Resource Locator - an address identifying the location of a file on the Internet

If a URL is exceedingly long, or the result of a personal search on a website, you can give the website's home page address with the routing or web path, showing your reader how to get from the home page to the specific page you have referenced.

It is good practice to keep in your files a copy of the first page of any web pages you use.

For publications found on the internet the required elements for a reference are:

Author or corporate author, Year. Title of document. [type of medium] Place: Producer/Publisher. Available at: include web site address/URL(Uniform Resource Locator) [Accessed date].



It is good practice to keep in your files a copy of the first page of any web pages you use

The required elements for a reference are:

Author, Initial., Year. Subject line, Title of Mailing List. [online] date of message. Available at: include web site address/URL (Uniform Resource Locator) [Accessed date].

If you understand the reasons for referencing it is evident why you should not pass off work of others as your own. Failing to reference appropriately could result in your assessors thinking you are guilty of plagiarism - the act of using somebody else's work or ideas as your own. You will find information on academic offences on MyARU - Learning and Assessment.

Student handbooks and module guides for both undergraduate and postgraduate students refer to the University Library Harvard Guide for guidance on Harvard referencing. If a different referencing style is required, students should check the relevant guidelines for their subject within the Faculty.

For more information see the University Library section on referencing.

For guidance on academic writing, please visit the Study Skills Plus Canvas page.

The University Library has released this fifth edition of the Guide to Referencing in the Harvard Style. This is written by Library staff at Anglia Ruskin to support students' information skills, researchers and academic staff, and complies with the ARU Academic Regulations August 2020.

Some changes introduced since the last edition are:

• Referencing of e versions of academic /peer reviewed journal articles
• New guidance on using quotations

This guide has been compiled with reference to a number of British Standards. The most recent being BS ISO 690:2010 Information and documentation - guidelines for bibliographic references and citations to information resources and Harvard style conventions currently being followed in UK Universities.

If you wish to re-use the Guide you may do so under the terms of the Creative Commons licence as long as your use is restricted to non-commercial purposes and the source is acknowledged. If you wish to re-use the Guide please contact us first.