ARU Harvard
ARU students are now required to use the Cite Them Right style of Harvard referencing, see our Cite Them Right page.The full guide has two sections. In the first part we show you how to cite a reference in the text of your assignment, in the second part we have included instructions for each of the main source types such as books or web pages. Examples are given in red. Any similarities with published works are coincidental.
For more advice on academic writing, please visit the Study Skills Plus Canvas page.
MAIN GUIDE PART 1: IN-TEXT REFERENCING
Date?
For items with no date
The abbreviation n.d. is used to denote this:
or indirectly:
Every effort should be made to establish the year of publication if you intend to use this work as supporting evidence in an academic submission.
For further advice see References with missing details
Finding the year if there are Editions or Revisions of a book
Use the year of the latest edition of a book, this is generally stated on the back of the title page. After the author, state the year in the in-text citation. Include the number of the edition in your full reference, after the title. Do not include this if it is the 1st edition. Books which don't show an edition number are the first edition.
Treat Revisions as a new edition. Use the year of the revision as the date. In your full reference add rev. after the edition number eg. 3rd rev. ed.
For further advice see Books with multiple authors.
The abbreviation n.d. is used to denote this:
Smith (n.d.) has written and demonstrated......
or indirectly:
Earlier research (Smith, n.d.) demonstrated that......
Every effort should be made to establish the year of publication if you intend to use this work as supporting evidence in an academic submission.
For further advice see References with missing details
Finding the year if there are Editions or Revisions of a book
Use the year of the latest edition of a book, this is generally stated on the back of the title page. After the author, state the year in the in-text citation. Include the number of the edition in your full reference, after the title. Do not include this if it is the 1st edition. Books which don't show an edition number are the first edition.
Treat Revisions as a new edition. Use the year of the revision as the date. In your full reference add rev. after the edition number eg. 3rd rev. ed.
For further advice see Books with multiple authors.
Tables and diagrams
When using selected information from a table or diagram, or reproducing an entire table or diagram, a reference must be made to the source.
In the following example, information is from a table found on p267 of the book Management in the media: decision makers by Robert Brown published in 2005. The original source of the data used in the table in Brown's book was the National Statistics Office, 1985.
If you quote from this table in the text of your essay - treat as secondary referencing:
If you reproduce the table in your essay: replicate the whole table, and add a citation below the table to acknowledge where the table was found
Finally include the full details of the source, in this case the book in your reference list:
In the following example, information is from a table found on p267 of the book Management in the media: decision makers by Robert Brown published in 2005. The original source of the data used in the table in Brown's book was the National Statistics Office, 1985.
If you quote from this table in the text of your essay - treat as secondary referencing:
...historical figures demonstrate that only sixty percent of households had televisions in Britain by the 1970s (National Statistics Office, 1985 cited in Brown, 2005, p. 267).
If you reproduce the table in your essay: replicate the whole table, and add a citation below the table to acknowledge where the table was found
| Television ownership in England and Wales (Percentage of households) |
||
| Year | 1970 | 1980 |
| Percentage | 60 | 70 |
| Source: National Statistics Office, 1985 | ||
National Statistics Office, 1985 cited in Brown, 2005, p.267.
Finally include the full details of the source, in this case the book in your reference list:
Brown, R., 2005. Management in the media: decision makers. 4th ed. Harlow: FT Prentice Hall.
MAIN GUIDE PART 2: THE REFERENCE LIST
USING BOOKS, JOURNALS AND NEWSPAPERS
General guidelines, layout and punctuation
The purpose of a reference list is to enable sources to be easily traced by another reader. Different types of publication require different amounts of information but there are certain common elements such as authorship, year of publication and title, which should be included.
The Harvard style lays down standards for the order and content of information in the reference. Some variations of presentation are acceptable provided that they are used consistently.
All items should be listed alphabetically by author or authorship, regardless of the format, whether books, websites or journal articles etc. Where there are several works from one author or source they should by listed together, in date order, with the earliest work listed first.
The Harvard style lays down standards for the order and content of information in the reference. Some variations of presentation are acceptable provided that they are used consistently.
All items should be listed alphabetically by author or authorship, regardless of the format, whether books, websites or journal articles etc. Where there are several works from one author or source they should by listed together, in date order, with the earliest work listed first.
Books with one author
Use the title page, not the book cover, for the reference details. Only include the edition where it is not the first. A book with no edition statement is most commonly a first edition.
The required elements for a book reference are:
Author, Initials., Year. Title of book. Edition. (only include this if not the first edition) Place of publication (this must be a town or city, not a country): Publisher.
Reference
where 1st edition
where 3rd edition
An in-text reference for the above examples would read:
*Place of publication can generally be found on the back of the title page in the address of the publishing company. Where there are several locations, choose the UK one in preference to other. Please note where there is likely to be confusion with UK place names; for USA towns include the State in abbreviated form e.g. Birmingham, Alabama would be... Birmingham, AL.
The required elements for a book reference are:
Author, Initials., Year. Title of book. Edition. (only include this if not the first edition) Place of publication (this must be a town or city, not a country): Publisher.
Reference
where 1st edition
Baron, D. P., 2008. Business and the organisation. Chester: Pearson.
where 3rd edition
Redman, P., 2006. Good essay writing: a social sciences guide. 3rd ed.
London: Open University in assoc. with Sage.
An in-text reference for the above examples would read:
Organisations have been found to differ (Baron, 2008) when there is ...
Leading social scientists such as Redman (2006) have noted ...
Leading social scientists such as Redman (2006) have noted ...
*Place of publication can generally be found on the back of the title page in the address of the publishing company. Where there are several locations, choose the UK one in preference to other. Please note where there is likely to be confusion with UK place names; for USA towns include the State in abbreviated form e.g. Birmingham, Alabama would be... Birmingham, AL.
Books with multiple authors
For books with multiple authors, all* the names should all be included in the order they appear in the document. Use an and to link the last two multiple authors.
* Additional Advice for documents with very large numbers of authors.
Some documents have very large numbers of authors, particularly in certain disciplines. There may be a very large numbers of authors and a wish not to include them all in a reference list. In these cases it is recommended that advice from the Faculty is sought, to establish if it is permitted to cite only a reduced number.
The required elements for a reference are:
Authors, Initials., Year. Title of book. Edition. (only include this if not the first edition) Place: Publisher.
Reference
An in-text reference for the above examples would read:
* Additional Advice for documents with very large numbers of authors.
Some documents have very large numbers of authors, particularly in certain disciplines. There may be a very large numbers of authors and a wish not to include them all in a reference list. In these cases it is recommended that advice from the Faculty is sought, to establish if it is permitted to cite only a reduced number.
The required elements for a reference are:
Authors, Initials., Year. Title of book. Edition. (only include this if not the first edition) Place: Publisher.
Reference
Adams, R.J.,Weiss, T.D. and Coatie, J.J., 2010. The World Health Organisation, its history and impact. London: Perseus.
Barker, R., Kirk, J. and Munday, R.J., 1988. Narrative analysis. 3rd ed. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Carter, B., James, K.L., Wood, G. and Williamson, D.H., 2018. Research methods. 4th ed rev. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Barker, R., Kirk, J. and Munday, R.J., 1988. Narrative analysis. 3rd ed. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Carter, B., James, K.L., Wood, G. and Williamson, D.H., 2018. Research methods. 4th ed rev. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
An in-text reference for the above examples would read:
Leading organisations concerned with health (Adams, Weiss and Coatie, 2010) have proved that...
A new theory (Barker, Kirk and Munday, 1988) has challenged traditional thinking...
Effective methods used to researching crowdsourcing (Carter, et al., 2018) were found to be...
A new theory (Barker, Kirk and Munday, 1988) has challenged traditional thinking...
Effective methods used to researching crowdsourcing (Carter, et al., 2018) were found to be...
Books which are edited
For books which are edited give the editor(s) surname(s) and initials, followed by ed. or eds..
The required elements for a reference are:
Author, Initials., ed., Year. Title of book. Edition. Place: Publisher.
The required elements for a reference are:
Author, Initials., ed., Year. Title of book. Edition. Place: Publisher.
Keene, E. ed., 1988. Natural language. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press.
Silverman, D.F. and Propp, K.K. eds., 1990. The active interview. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Allouche, Jose. ed., 2006. Corporate social responsibility, Volume 1: concepts, accountability and reporting. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Silverman, D.F. and Propp, K.K. eds., 1990. The active interview. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Allouche, Jose. ed., 2006. Corporate social responsibility, Volume 1: concepts, accountability and reporting. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Chapters of edited books
For chapters of edited books the required elements for a reference are:
Chapter author(s) surname(s) and initials., Year of chapter. Title of chapter followed by In: Book editor(s) initials first followed by surnames with ed. or eds. after the last name. Year of book. Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher. Chapter number or first and last page numbers followed by full-stop.
References
An in-text reference for the above example would read:
Chapter author(s) surname(s) and initials., Year of chapter. Title of chapter followed by In: Book editor(s) initials first followed by surnames with ed. or eds. after the last name. Year of book. Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher. Chapter number or first and last page numbers followed by full-stop.
References
Samson, C., 1970. Problems of information studies in history. In: S. Stone, ed. 1980. Humanities information research. Sheffield: CRUS. pp.44-68.
Smith, J., 1975. A source of information. In: W. Jones, ed. 2000. One hundred and one ways to find information about health. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Ch.2.
Smith, J., 1975. A source of information. In: W. Jones, ed. 2000. One hundred and one ways to find information about health. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Ch.2.
An in-text reference for the above example would read:
(Samson, 1970)
(Smith, 1975)
(Smith, 1975)
Multiple works by the same author
Where there are several works by one author and published in the same year they should be differentiated by adding a lower case letter after the date.
Remember that this must also be consistent with the citations in the text
For multiple works the required elements for a reference are:
Author, Initals., Year followed by letter. Title of book. Place: Publisher.
Works by the same author should be displayed in the order referenced in your assignment, earliest first (as above).
An in-text reference for the above example would read:
This also applies if there are several authors with the same surname. As an alternative their initials can be included in the citation.
So in the above example, if you have sources written by George Soros and also by Manuel Soros. In the full reference list you would list them in alphabeticsl order.
Where ther are several works by one author, published in different years, these should be arranged in chronological order, with the earliest date first.
Remember that this must also be consistent with the citations in the text
For multiple works the required elements for a reference are:
Author, Initals., Year followed by letter. Title of book. Place: Publisher.
Soros, G., 1966a. The road to serfdom. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Soros, G., 1966b. Beyond the road to serfdom. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Soros, G., 1966b. Beyond the road to serfdom. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Works by the same author should be displayed in the order referenced in your assignment, earliest first (as above).
An in-text reference for the above example would read:
(Soros, 1966a)
(Soros, 1966b)
(Soros, 1966b)
This also applies if there are several authors with the same surname. As an alternative their initials can be included in the citation.
(Soros, G. 1966a)
(Soros, G. 1966b)
(Soros, M. 1966)
(Soros, G. 1966b)
(Soros, M. 1966)
So in the above example, if you have sources written by George Soros and also by Manuel Soros. In the full reference list you would list them in alphabeticsl order.
Where ther are several works by one author, published in different years, these should be arranged in chronological order, with the earliest date first.
Books - translations/imprints/reprints
For works which have been translated the reference should include details of the translator, the suggested elements for such references being:
Author, Initials., Year. Title of book. Translated from (language) by (name of translator, initials first, then surname) Place of publication: Publisher.
For major works of historic significance, the date of the original work may be included along with the date of the translation:
For works in an another language, reference these in the same manner as an English language work but provide a translation. Students should check with their Faculty the validity of including original language works.
For works which are reprints of classic original works, the reference should include details of the original date of the work and reprinting details, the suggested elements for such references being:
Author, Initials., Original Year. Title of book. (Imprint/reprint and then year). Place of publication: Publisher.
An in-text reference for the above example would read:
For classical works which have been abridged or introduced by a noted writer.
An in-text reference for the above example would read:
With a recommendation to mention Darwin and the original date in the text, but including Leakey as the in-text citation.
Author, Initials., Year. Title of book. Translated from (language) by (name of translator, initials first, then surname) Place of publication: Publisher.
Canetti, E., 2001. The voices of Marrakesh: a record of a visit. Translated from German by J.A. Underwood. San Francisco: Arion.
For major works of historic significance, the date of the original work may be included along with the date of the translation:
Kant, I., 1785. Fundamental principles of the metaphysic of morals. Translated by T.K. Abbott., 1988. New York: Prometheus Books.
For works in an another language, reference these in the same manner as an English language work but provide a translation. Students should check with their Faculty the validity of including original language works.
For works which are reprints of classic original works, the reference should include details of the original date of the work and reprinting details, the suggested elements for such references being:
Author, Initials., Original Year. Title of book. (Imprint/reprint and then year). Place of publication: Publisher.
Keynes, J.M., 1936. The general theory of employment, interest, and money. Reprint 1988. London: Palgrave Macmillian.
An in-text reference for the above example would read:
(Keynes, 1936)
For classical works which have been abridged or introduced by a noted writer.
Leakey, R.E., 1979. The illustrated origin of species. Reprint of On the Origin of species by Charles Darwin, 1859. Abridged and introduced by Richard E. Leakey. London: Faber and Faber.
An in-text reference for the above example would read:
(Leakey, 1979)
With a recommendation to mention Darwin and the original date in the text, but including Leakey as the in-text citation.
E-books
E-books available through the University Library
For e-books accessed through a password protected database from the University Library the required elements for a reference are:
Author, Initials., Year, Title of book. [e-book] Place of publication: Publisher. Followed by Available through: ARU Library website <https://library.aru.ac.uk> [Accessed date].
For an open access e-book freely available over the internet such as through Google books
The required elements for a reference are:
Author, Initials., Year. Title of book. [e-book] Place of publication (if known): Publisher. Followed by Available at: e-book source and web address or URL for the e-book [Accessed date].
For an e-book from specific e-readers and other devices such as Kindle, or Nook
The required elements for a reference are:
Author, Initials., Year, Title of book. [e-book type] Place of publication (if available): Publisher. Followed by Available at: e-book source and web address [Accessed date].
If you include a quotation from an e-book without page numbers, use the section heading or chapter heading as a guide to locating your quotation, if available.
For e-books accessed through a password protected database from the University Library the required elements for a reference are:
Author, Initials., Year, Title of book. [e-book] Place of publication: Publisher. Followed by Available through: ARU Library website <https://library.aru.ac.uk> [Accessed date].
Fishman, R., 2005. The rise and fall of suburbia. [e-book] Chester: Castle Press. Available through: ARU Library website <https://library.aru.ac.uk> [Accessed 12 May 2010].
Carlsen, J. and Charters, S., eds. 2007. Global wine tourism. [e-book] Wallingford: CABI Pub. Available through: ARU Library website <https://library.aru.ac.uk> [Accessed 9 June 2008].
Wood, P. and Chesterton, W., eds. 2018. Global warming and the oceans. 4th ed. [e-book] Oxford: Oxford University Press. Available through: ARU Library website <https://library.aru.ac.uk> [Accessed 9 June 2008].
Carlsen, J. and Charters, S., eds. 2007. Global wine tourism. [e-book] Wallingford: CABI Pub. Available through: ARU Library website <https://library.aru.ac.uk> [Accessed 9 June 2008].
Wood, P. and Chesterton, W., eds. 2018. Global warming and the oceans. 4th ed. [e-book] Oxford: Oxford University Press. Available through: ARU Library website <https://library.aru.ac.uk> [Accessed 9 June 2008].
For an open access e-book freely available over the internet such as through Google books
The required elements for a reference are:
Author, Initials., Year. Title of book. [e-book] Place of publication (if known): Publisher. Followed by Available at: e-book source and web address or URL for the e-book [Accessed date].
Cookson, J. and Church, S. eds., 2007. Leisure and the tourist. [e-book] Wallingford: ABS Publishers. Available at: Google Books <https://books.google.com> [Accessed 9 June 2008].
For an e-book from specific e-readers and other devices such as Kindle, or Nook
The required elements for a reference are:
Author, Initials., Year, Title of book. [e-book type] Place of publication (if available): Publisher. Followed by Available at: e-book source and web address [Accessed date].
Patterson, M. 2012. Lost places in dreams. [Kindle DX version] Transworld Media. Available at: Amazon.co.uk <https:// www.amazon.co.uk> [Accessed 9 June 2012].
If you include a quotation from an e-book without page numbers, use the section heading or chapter heading as a guide to locating your quotation, if available.
USING OTHER SOURCE TYPES
Poems
The required elements for a poem are:
Poem author(s) surname(s) and initials., Year of poem if given/or publication date. Title of poem. In: Book author/compiler/editor(s) initials first followed by surnames with ed. or eds. after the last name if edited book. Year of book. Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher. First and last page numbers followed by full-stop.
Poem author(s) surname(s) and initials., Year of poem if given/or publication date. Title of poem. In: Book author/compiler/editor(s) initials first followed by surnames with ed. or eds. after the last name if edited book. Year of book. Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher. First and last page numbers followed by full-stop.
Hughes, T. 2012. Wild West. In: P. Keegan, ed. 2012. Collected poems of Ted Hughes. London: Faber and Faber. pp.9-10.
Religious texts
When you are quoting from a sacred text e.g. the Bible, the Torah or the Quran, the suggested elements for a citation are:
Name of religious text, Book. Sura or Chapter: Verse
An in-text reference for the Bible could look like this...
Convention dictates that you do not use page numbers with religious texts
The required elements for a full reference are:
Full title, Year. Place of publication: Publisher.
For other sacred texts, it is important that you clearly identify the location of the text that you cite using the appropriate numbering system.
Name of religious text, Book. Sura or Chapter: Verse
An in-text reference for the Bible could look like this...
"In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth" (The Bible, Genesis. 1:1)
Convention dictates that you do not use page numbers with religious texts
The required elements for a full reference are:
Full title, Year. Place of publication: Publisher.
The Bible: contemporary English version, 2000. London: Harper Collins.
For other sacred texts, it is important that you clearly identify the location of the text that you cite using the appropriate numbering system.
Reference from a dictionary
When you are quoting a definition from a dictionary, use the publisher as the author.
The required elements for a citation are:
(Publisher, Year)
For the reference
The suggested elements for a reference are:
Dictionary publisher, Year. Full title of dictionary. Place of Publication: Publisher.
When using subject specific or non-generic dictionaries, the author/editor can be used as author, and the referencing guidelines for a book can be followed.
The required elements for a citation are:
(Publisher, Year)
(Chambers, 2010)
For the reference
The suggested elements for a reference are:
Dictionary publisher, Year. Full title of dictionary. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Chambers, 2010. Chambers paperback dictionary thesaurus. London: Champers Harpers Publishers Ltd.
Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2012. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. [online] London: Encyclopedia Britannica (UK). Available at: <encyclopaediabritannica.co.uk/intro> [Accessed 12 June 2011].
Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2012. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. [online] London: Encyclopedia Britannica (UK). Available at: <encyclopaediabritannica.co.uk/intro> [Accessed 12 June 2011].
When using subject specific or non-generic dictionaries, the author/editor can be used as author, and the referencing guidelines for a book can be followed.
Exhibitions
Title of exhibition, Date. [exhibition] Location. Date of exhibition.
In text:
John Yeoman & Quentin Blake: 50 years of children's books, 2017. [exhibition] House of Illustration, London. 6 October 2017 - 4 February 2018.
In text:
John Yeoman & Quentin Blake: 50 years of children's books (2017).
USING ELECTRONIC SOURCES
Social Media
The required elements for a reference are:
Author, Initials., Year. Title of page. [Social Media Type] Day/month post written. Available from:<URL>[ Accessed date].
Author, Initials., Year. Full text of tweet. [Social Media Type] Day/month tweet written. Available at: <URL> [Date accessed].
Author, Initials., Year. Title of page. [Social Media Type] Day/month post written. Available from:<URL>[ Accessed date].
Andrews, A., 2012. Customer Focus Group. [Facebook] 11 November. Available at:<www.facebook.com/andrews> [Accessed 11 November 2010].
Author, Initials., Year. Full text of tweet. [Social Media Type] Day/month tweet written. Available at: <URL> [Date accessed].
Big Red Corporation. 2013. New products for cars. [Twitter] 17 May. Available at:<https://twitter .com/ bigredcorporation/promotions> [Accessed 13 November 2010].
IMAGES
Pictures, Images and Photographs
The suggested elements for a reference are:
Artist/Photographer's name (if known), Year of production. Title of image. [type of medium] Collection Details as available (Collection, Document number, Geographical Town/Place: Name of Library/Archive/Repository).
When using an image from a book or journal article, an in text reference should be included and a full reference included at the end of the piece of work. Look for the name of the image creator - either beneath the image, in the text, or in a list of figures, or copyright statement. If there is no author or artist given for the image, it is fair to assume the image was created by the author(s) of the book or journal article.
For an image with a creator who is not the author of your source.
In-text
The full reference
For an image created by the author(s) of the book or article.
In-text
Include the page number in your in-text citation. The full reference would be the reference to the book or journal article you found the image in.
Artist/Photographer's name (if known), Year of production. Title of image. [type of medium] Collection Details as available (Collection, Document number, Geographical Town/Place: Name of Library/Archive/Repository).
Beaton, C., 1956. Marilyn Monroe. [photograph] (Marilyn Monroe's own private collection).
Beaton, C., 1944. China 1944: A mother resting her head on her sick child's pillow in the Canadian Mission Hospital in Chengtu. [photograph] (London, Imperial War Museum Collection).
Beaton, C., 1944. China 1944: A mother resting her head on her sick child's pillow in the Canadian Mission Hospital in Chengtu. [photograph] (London, Imperial War Museum Collection).
When using an image from a book or journal article, an in text reference should be included and a full reference included at the end of the piece of work. Look for the name of the image creator - either beneath the image, in the text, or in a list of figures, or copyright statement. If there is no author or artist given for the image, it is fair to assume the image was created by the author(s) of the book or journal article.
For an image with a creator who is not the author of your source.
In-text
(Degas, 1883 reproduced in Terrasse, 1972, p.41)
The full reference
Terrasse,A., 1972. Degas. London: Thames and Hudson.
For an image created by the author(s) of the book or article.
In-text
(O'Malley, 2010, p.55)
Include the page number in your in-text citation. The full reference would be the reference to the book or journal article you found the image in.
O'Malley, M., 2010. The wisdom of bees. London: Portfolio.
UNPUBLISHED WORKS AND MISSING DETAILS
Unpublished works
You may occasionally have access to a document before it is published and may therefore not be able to provide full details:
Pattison, J., (in press) A new book that I have written. London: Vanity Press.
Woolley, E. and Muncey, T., (in press) Demons or diamonds: a study to ascertain the range of attitudes present in health professionals to children with conduct disorder. Journal of Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing. (Accepted for publication December 2002).
Woolley, E. and Muncey, T., (in press) Demons or diamonds: a study to ascertain the range of attitudes present in health professionals to children with conduct disorder. Journal of Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing. (Accepted for publication December 2002).
GOOD ACADEMIC PRACTICE
Good Academic Practice
If you understand the reasons for referencing it is evident why you should not pass off work of others as your own. Failing to reference appropriately could result in your assessors thinking you are guilty of plagiarism - the act of using somebody else's work or ideas as your own. You will find information on academic offences on MyARU - Learning and Assessment.
Student handbooks and module guides for both undergraduate and postgraduate students refer to the University Library Harvard Guide for guidance on Harvard referencing. If a different referencing style is required, students should check the relevant guidelines for their subject within the Faculty.
For more information see the University Library section on referencing.
For guidance on academic writing, please visit the Study Skills Plus Canvas page.
Student handbooks and module guides for both undergraduate and postgraduate students refer to the University Library Harvard Guide for guidance on Harvard referencing. If a different referencing style is required, students should check the relevant guidelines for their subject within the Faculty.
For more information see the University Library section on referencing.
For guidance on academic writing, please visit the Study Skills Plus Canvas page.
Getting the Reference List ready
Why reference?
You need to provide references in your work so you can:
Demonstrate that you have read widely and deeply.
Show your understand a topic and who is responsible for its development.
By providing the original source you are acknowledging that you have read the work and recognise the original author(s) ideas.
Help the reader locate where you obtained each quote or idea.
A reference list is always required when you cite other people's work within your assignment.
What is referencing-Evidence?
In academic writing, to support and provide evidence for your arguments, you cite the material you have used. You do this by referring to, or citing, the authors responsible for the information. This information can come from journal or newspaper articles, government reports, books or specific chapters of books, research dissertations or theses, or be material over the internet etc.
When you cite someone's work in the text of your assignment (an in-text citation), you also need to create a full reference. This goes at the end of your work. This gives the full details for the information source so that it can be traced by anyone who reads your work.
Evidence must be from authoritive sources!
The Harvard System
There are many systems for the citation of references.
Most Faculties at Anglia Ruskin University expect students to use the Harvard style of referencing -which is an author and date system.
A two part reference system
In-text - citing within the assignment script- author's surname and year of publication
Reference list at the end of the assignment- full details of the document eg a book
In-text citation
Reference list
Remember is to be consistent in the way you record your references.
Reference List or Bibliography: What's the difference?
A Reference List includes details for everything that you cite in within your assignment. It should be in alphabetical order by author with all the different types of material in one sequence (See Section 3.1 for further details). A Reference List is always required when you cite other people's work within your assignment. Sometimes the terms reference list and bibliography are used interchangeably. Make sure you know what is required for your assignment. Check the module guide before you complete your assignment.
Some Departments may ask you to produce a Bibliography. This is a list of relevant items that you have used to help you prepare for the assignment but which are not necessarily cited in your assignment eg. general background reading to familiarise yourself with the topic.
An annotated bibliography includes the full reference to sources with the addition of notes, which summarise and evaluate the source and will be of variable length, depending on the assessment this may be an independent project or part of a larger research project.
Is referencing included in the Word Count?
Check the Academic Regulations section 6.69 for details of what is excluded from the word count of a submission. These can be accessed on the University website under the section for the Academic Office.
Additional help
We have also produced a Harvard Quick Guide (.pdf) which covers the basics of Harvard Referencing. If you are using this guide in conjunction with Refworks select the output style "Anglia Ruskin Harvard Style v6.1".
You need to provide references in your work so you can:
Demonstrate that you have read widely and deeply.
Show your understand a topic and who is responsible for its development.
By providing the original source you are acknowledging that you have read the work and recognise the original author(s) ideas.
Help the reader locate where you obtained each quote or idea.
A reference list is always required when you cite other people's work within your assignment.
What is referencing-Evidence?
In academic writing, to support and provide evidence for your arguments, you cite the material you have used. You do this by referring to, or citing, the authors responsible for the information. This information can come from journal or newspaper articles, government reports, books or specific chapters of books, research dissertations or theses, or be material over the internet etc.
When you cite someone's work in the text of your assignment (an in-text citation), you also need to create a full reference. This goes at the end of your work. This gives the full details for the information source so that it can be traced by anyone who reads your work.
Evidence must be from authoritive sources!
The Harvard System
There are many systems for the citation of references.
Most Faculties at Anglia Ruskin University expect students to use the Harvard style of referencing -which is an author and date system.
A two part reference system
In-text - citing within the assignment script- author's surname and year of publication
Reference list at the end of the assignment- full details of the document eg a book
In-text citation
Essential components of an essay are "an effective structure " (Redman, 2006, p.22), together with a leading introduction which...
Reference list
Redman, P., 2006. Good essay writing: a social sciences guide. 3rd ed. London: Open University in assoc. with Sage.
Remember is to be consistent in the way you record your references.
Reference List or Bibliography: What's the difference?
A Reference List includes details for everything that you cite in within your assignment. It should be in alphabetical order by author with all the different types of material in one sequence (See Section 3.1 for further details). A Reference List is always required when you cite other people's work within your assignment. Sometimes the terms reference list and bibliography are used interchangeably. Make sure you know what is required for your assignment. Check the module guide before you complete your assignment.
Some Departments may ask you to produce a Bibliography. This is a list of relevant items that you have used to help you prepare for the assignment but which are not necessarily cited in your assignment eg. general background reading to familiarise yourself with the topic.
An annotated bibliography includes the full reference to sources with the addition of notes, which summarise and evaluate the source and will be of variable length, depending on the assessment this may be an independent project or part of a larger research project.
Is referencing included in the Word Count?
Check the Academic Regulations section 6.69 for details of what is excluded from the word count of a submission. These can be accessed on the University website under the section for the Academic Office.
Additional help
We have also produced a Harvard Quick Guide (.pdf) which covers the basics of Harvard Referencing. If you are using this guide in conjunction with Refworks select the output style "Anglia Ruskin Harvard Style v6.1".