ARU Harvard
ARU students are now required to use the Cite Them Right style of Harvard referencing, see our Cite Them Right page.The full guide has two sections. In the first part we show you how to cite a reference in the text of your assignment, in the second part we have included instructions for each of the main source types such as books or web pages. Examples are given in red. Any similarities with published works are coincidental.
For more advice on academic writing, please visit the Study Skills Plus Canvas page.
MAIN GUIDE PART 2: THE REFERENCE LIST
USING BOOKS, JOURNALS AND NEWSPAPERS
General guidelines, layout and punctuation
The purpose of a reference list is to enable sources to be easily traced by another reader. Different types of publication require different amounts of information but there are certain common elements such as authorship, year of publication and title, which should be included.
The Harvard style lays down standards for the order and content of information in the reference. Some variations of presentation are acceptable provided that they are used consistently.
All items should be listed alphabetically by author or authorship, regardless of the format, whether books, websites or journal articles etc. Where there are several works from one author or source they should by listed together, in date order, with the earliest work listed first.
The Harvard style lays down standards for the order and content of information in the reference. Some variations of presentation are acceptable provided that they are used consistently.
All items should be listed alphabetically by author or authorship, regardless of the format, whether books, websites or journal articles etc. Where there are several works from one author or source they should by listed together, in date order, with the earliest work listed first.
Articles from printed sources - basic journal reference
Use these guidelines for print articles, those you get through InterLibrary Loan, and online articles that have a print equivalent.
The required elements for a reference are:
Author, Initials., Year. Title of article. Full Title of Journal, Volume number (Issue/Part number), Page number(s).
The required elements for a reference are:
Author, Initials., Year. Title of article. Full Title of Journal, Volume number (Issue/Part number), Page number(s).
Boughton, J.M., 2002. The Bretton Woods proposal: a brief look. Political Science Quarterly, 42(6), p.564.
Cox, C., 2002. What health care assistants know about clean hands. Nursing Times, Spring Issue, pp.647-85.
Cox, C., 2002. What health care assistants know about clean hands. Nursing Times, Spring Issue, pp.647-85.
Introduction to Electronic articles
Reference an e-journal article as print if it is also available in a print version of the journal. This is usually the case where you access an article in pdf format and it uses sequential journal page numbers.
Perry, C., 2001. What health care assistants know about clean hands.
Nursing Times, 97(22), pp.63-64.
Nursing Times, 97(22), pp.63-64.
Articles from a Library database
For articles accessed through a password protected database from the University Library:
Author, Initials., Year. Title of article. Full Title of Journal, [type of medium] Volume number (Issue/Part number), Page numbers if available. Available through: ARU Library website <http://library.aru.ac.uk> [Accessed date].
An example of a Cochrane Review
An example of an early view article from the BMJ
Author, Initials., Year. Title of article. Full Title of Journal, [type of medium] Volume number (Issue/Part number), Page numbers if available. Available through: ARU Library website <http://library.aru.ac.uk> [Accessed date].
Boughton, J.M., 2002. The Bretton Woods proposal: an in depth look.
Political Science Quarterly, [e-journal] 42(6). Available through: ARU Library website <http://library.aru.ac.uk>
[Accessed 12 June 2005].
An example of a Cochrane Review
Katchamart, W., Trudeau, J., Phumethum, V. and Bombardier, C.,
2010. Methotrexate monotherapy versus methotrexate combination
therapy with non-biologic disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs for
rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews,
[online] 4 (CD008495) Available at: <
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008495/abstract> [Accessed 6 August 2013].
An example of an early view article from the BMJ
Currie, G.P., Small, I. and Douglas, G., 2013. Long acting ?2 agonists
in adult asthma. BMJ, [e-journal] Early view article: Accepted 20 May
2013, Published 6 August 2013, BMJ2013 ;347:f4662.
Available at: <http://www.bmj.com/content/347/bmj.f4662>
[Accessed 8 August 2013].
Articles publically available on the internet
Articles from web based magazines or journals, including Open Access articles found in institutional repositories.
Authors, Initials., Year. Title of article. Full Title of Journal or Magazine, [online] Available at: web address (quote the exact URL for the article) [Accessed date].
Authors, Initials., Year. Title of article. Full Title of Journal or Magazine, [online] Available at: web address (quote the exact URL for the article) [Accessed date].
Kipper, D., 2008. Japan's new dawn. Popular Science and Technology, [online] Available at: <http://www.popsci.com/popsci37b144110vgn/html> [Accessed 22 June 2009].
Articles with DOIs
You can choose to use the DOI (Digital Object Identifier) instead of the
format/location/access date. The DOI is a permanent identifier and replaces a
permanent web address for online articles. (These can appear with the preface http://dx.doi.org/). They are often found at the
start/end of an article or on the database landing page for the article. Not all
articles are assigned a DOI. If an article does not have a DOI, use one of the
other e-journal article formats.
Author, Initials., Year. Title of article. Full Title of Journal,[e-journal] Volume number (Issue/Part number), Page numbers if available. DOI.
Author, Initials., Year. Title of article. Full Title of Journal,[e-journal] Volume number (Issue/Part number), Page numbers if available. DOI.
Boon, S., Johnston, B. and Webber, S., 2007. A phenomenographic
study of English faculty's conceptions of information literacy. Journal of
Documentation, [e-journal] 63(2), pp.204 - 228.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00220410710737187.
Goodall, A.H., 2006. Should top universities be led by top researchers and are they?: A citations analysis. Journal of Documentation, [e-journal] 62(3), pp.388 - 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00220410610666529.
Ada, A.F., 2007. A Lifetime of Learning to Teach. Journal of Latinos & Education, [e-journal] 6 (2), pp.103-118. 10.1080/15348430701304658.
Chen, S., 2014. Balancing knowing and not-knowing: an exploration of doctoral candidates performance of researcher selves in the dissertation defence. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, [e-journal] 39 (3), pp.364-379. 10.1080/02602938.2013.834876.
Goodall, A.H., 2006. Should top universities be led by top researchers and are they?: A citations analysis. Journal of Documentation, [e-journal] 62(3), pp.388 - 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00220410610666529.
Ada, A.F., 2007. A Lifetime of Learning to Teach. Journal of Latinos & Education, [e-journal] 6 (2), pp.103-118. 10.1080/15348430701304658.
Chen, S., 2014. Balancing knowing and not-knowing: an exploration of doctoral candidates performance of researcher selves in the dissertation defence. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, [e-journal] 39 (3), pp.364-379. 10.1080/02602938.2013.834876.
Journal abstract from a database
For a journal abstract from a database where you have been unable to access the full article, the required elements for a reference are:
Author, Initials., Year. Title of article. Full Title of Journal, [type of medium] Volume number (Issue/Part number), Page numbers if available. Abstract only. Available through: Source [Accessed date].
Every effort should be made to read the article in full if you intend to use this work as supporting evidence in an academic submission.
Author, Initials., Year. Title of article. Full Title of Journal, [type of medium] Volume number (Issue/Part number), Page numbers if available. Abstract only. Available through: Source [Accessed date].
Boughton, J.M., 2002. The Bretton Woods proposal: a brief look. Political Science Quarterly, [e-journal] 42(6). Abstract only. Available through: ARU Library website <http://library.aru.ac.uk> [Accessed 12 June 2005].
Every effort should be made to read the article in full if you intend to use this work as supporting evidence in an academic submission.
USING OTHER SOURCE TYPES
European Union (EU) documents
Following EU conventions, examples of various EU documents are given below:
The required elements for a reference are:
Title (includes Legislation type, initials of regulating body, year/legislation number), Year. Official Journal [online] Series letter and issue number, page number(s). Available at: <URL> [Accessed date].
An in-text reference for the above examples would read:
The required elements for a reference are:
Title (includes Legislation type, initials of regulating body, year/legislation number), Year. Official Journal [online] Series letter and issue number, page number(s). Available at: <URL> [Accessed date].
Council regulation (EU) 2019/1242 on setting CO2 emission performance standards for new heavy-duty vehicles, 2019. Official Journal [online] L198, pp.202-240. Available at: <https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2019/1242/oj> [Accessed 17 December 2019].
Council directive 2001/29/EC on the harmonisation of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society, 2001. Official Journal [online] L167, pp.10-19. Available at: <https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32001L0029> [Accessed 17 December 2019].
Council directive 2001/29/EC on the harmonisation of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society, 2001. Official Journal [online] L167, pp.10-19. Available at: <https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32001L0029> [Accessed 17 December 2019].
An in-text reference for the above examples would read:
Council regulation (EU) 2019/1242 (2019) or (Council regulation (EU) 2019/1242, 2019).
Council directive 2001/29/EC (2001) or (Council directive 2001/29/EC, 2001).
Council directive 2001/29/EC (2001) or (Council directive 2001/29/EC, 2001).
IMAGES
Pictures, Images and Photographs
The suggested elements for a reference are:
Artist/Photographer's name (if known), Year of production. Title of image. [type of medium] Collection Details as available (Collection, Document number, Geographical Town/Place: Name of Library/Archive/Repository).
When using an image from a book or journal article, an in text reference should be included and a full reference included at the end of the piece of work. Look for the name of the image creator - either beneath the image, in the text, or in a list of figures, or copyright statement. If there is no author or artist given for the image, it is fair to assume the image was created by the author(s) of the book or journal article.
For an image with a creator who is not the author of your source.
In-text
The full reference
For an image created by the author(s) of the book or article.
In-text
Include the page number in your in-text citation. The full reference would be the reference to the book or journal article you found the image in.
Artist/Photographer's name (if known), Year of production. Title of image. [type of medium] Collection Details as available (Collection, Document number, Geographical Town/Place: Name of Library/Archive/Repository).
Beaton, C., 1956. Marilyn Monroe. [photograph] (Marilyn Monroe's own private collection).
Beaton, C., 1944. China 1944: A mother resting her head on her sick child's pillow in the Canadian Mission Hospital in Chengtu. [photograph] (London, Imperial War Museum Collection).
Beaton, C., 1944. China 1944: A mother resting her head on her sick child's pillow in the Canadian Mission Hospital in Chengtu. [photograph] (London, Imperial War Museum Collection).
When using an image from a book or journal article, an in text reference should be included and a full reference included at the end of the piece of work. Look for the name of the image creator - either beneath the image, in the text, or in a list of figures, or copyright statement. If there is no author or artist given for the image, it is fair to assume the image was created by the author(s) of the book or journal article.
For an image with a creator who is not the author of your source.
In-text
(Degas, 1883 reproduced in Terrasse, 1972, p.41)
The full reference
Terrasse,A., 1972. Degas. London: Thames and Hudson.
For an image created by the author(s) of the book or article.
In-text
(O'Malley, 2010, p.55)
Include the page number in your in-text citation. The full reference would be the reference to the book or journal article you found the image in.
O'Malley, M., 2010. The wisdom of bees. London: Portfolio.
UNPUBLISHED WORKS AND MISSING DETAILS
Unpublished works
You may occasionally have access to a document before it is published and may therefore not be able to provide full details:
Pattison, J., (in press) A new book that I have written. London: Vanity Press.
Woolley, E. and Muncey, T., (in press) Demons or diamonds: a study to ascertain the range of attitudes present in health professionals to children with conduct disorder. Journal of Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing. (Accepted for publication December 2002).
Woolley, E. and Muncey, T., (in press) Demons or diamonds: a study to ascertain the range of attitudes present in health professionals to children with conduct disorder. Journal of Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing. (Accepted for publication December 2002).
GOOD ACADEMIC PRACTICE
Getting the Reference List ready
Why reference?
You need to provide references in your work so you can:
Demonstrate that you have read widely and deeply.
Show your understand a topic and who is responsible for its development.
By providing the original source you are acknowledging that you have read the work and recognise the original author(s) ideas.
Help the reader locate where you obtained each quote or idea.
A reference list is always required when you cite other people's work within your assignment.
What is referencing-Evidence?
In academic writing, to support and provide evidence for your arguments, you cite the material you have used. You do this by referring to, or citing, the authors responsible for the information. This information can come from journal or newspaper articles, government reports, books or specific chapters of books, research dissertations or theses, or be material over the internet etc.
When you cite someone's work in the text of your assignment (an in-text citation), you also need to create a full reference. This goes at the end of your work. This gives the full details for the information source so that it can be traced by anyone who reads your work.
Evidence must be from authoritive sources!
The Harvard System
There are many systems for the citation of references.
Most Faculties at Anglia Ruskin University expect students to use the Harvard style of referencing -which is an author and date system.
A two part reference system
In-text - citing within the assignment script- author's surname and year of publication
Reference list at the end of the assignment- full details of the document eg a book
In-text citation
Reference list
Remember is to be consistent in the way you record your references.
Reference List or Bibliography: What's the difference?
A Reference List includes details for everything that you cite in within your assignment. It should be in alphabetical order by author with all the different types of material in one sequence (See Section 3.1 for further details). A Reference List is always required when you cite other people's work within your assignment. Sometimes the terms reference list and bibliography are used interchangeably. Make sure you know what is required for your assignment. Check the module guide before you complete your assignment.
Some Departments may ask you to produce a Bibliography. This is a list of relevant items that you have used to help you prepare for the assignment but which are not necessarily cited in your assignment eg. general background reading to familiarise yourself with the topic.
An annotated bibliography includes the full reference to sources with the addition of notes, which summarise and evaluate the source and will be of variable length, depending on the assessment this may be an independent project or part of a larger research project.
Is referencing included in the Word Count?
Check the Academic Regulations section 6.69 for details of what is excluded from the word count of a submission. These can be accessed on the University website under the section for the Academic Office.
Additional help
We have also produced a Harvard Quick Guide (.pdf) which covers the basics of Harvard Referencing. If you are using this guide in conjunction with Refworks select the output style "Anglia Ruskin Harvard Style v6.1".
You need to provide references in your work so you can:
Demonstrate that you have read widely and deeply.
Show your understand a topic and who is responsible for its development.
By providing the original source you are acknowledging that you have read the work and recognise the original author(s) ideas.
Help the reader locate where you obtained each quote or idea.
A reference list is always required when you cite other people's work within your assignment.
What is referencing-Evidence?
In academic writing, to support and provide evidence for your arguments, you cite the material you have used. You do this by referring to, or citing, the authors responsible for the information. This information can come from journal or newspaper articles, government reports, books or specific chapters of books, research dissertations or theses, or be material over the internet etc.
When you cite someone's work in the text of your assignment (an in-text citation), you also need to create a full reference. This goes at the end of your work. This gives the full details for the information source so that it can be traced by anyone who reads your work.
Evidence must be from authoritive sources!
The Harvard System
There are many systems for the citation of references.
Most Faculties at Anglia Ruskin University expect students to use the Harvard style of referencing -which is an author and date system.
A two part reference system
In-text - citing within the assignment script- author's surname and year of publication
Reference list at the end of the assignment- full details of the document eg a book
In-text citation
Essential components of an essay are "an effective structure " (Redman, 2006, p.22), together with a leading introduction which...
Reference list
Redman, P., 2006. Good essay writing: a social sciences guide. 3rd ed. London: Open University in assoc. with Sage.
Remember is to be consistent in the way you record your references.
Reference List or Bibliography: What's the difference?
A Reference List includes details for everything that you cite in within your assignment. It should be in alphabetical order by author with all the different types of material in one sequence (See Section 3.1 for further details). A Reference List is always required when you cite other people's work within your assignment. Sometimes the terms reference list and bibliography are used interchangeably. Make sure you know what is required for your assignment. Check the module guide before you complete your assignment.
Some Departments may ask you to produce a Bibliography. This is a list of relevant items that you have used to help you prepare for the assignment but which are not necessarily cited in your assignment eg. general background reading to familiarise yourself with the topic.
An annotated bibliography includes the full reference to sources with the addition of notes, which summarise and evaluate the source and will be of variable length, depending on the assessment this may be an independent project or part of a larger research project.
Is referencing included in the Word Count?
Check the Academic Regulations section 6.69 for details of what is excluded from the word count of a submission. These can be accessed on the University website under the section for the Academic Office.
Additional help
We have also produced a Harvard Quick Guide (.pdf) which covers the basics of Harvard Referencing. If you are using this guide in conjunction with Refworks select the output style "Anglia Ruskin Harvard Style v6.1".
About this Guide
The University Library has released this fifth edition of the Guide to Referencing in the Harvard Style. This is written by Library staff at Anglia Ruskin to support students' information skills, researchers and academic staff, and complies with the ARU Academic Regulations August 2020.
Some changes introduced since the last edition are:
This guide has been compiled with reference to a number of British Standards. The most recent being BS ISO 690:2010 Information and documentation - guidelines for bibliographic references and citations to information resources and Harvard style conventions currently being followed in UK Universities.
If you wish to re-use the Guide you may do so under the terms of the Creative Commons licence as long as your use is restricted to non-commercial purposes and the source is acknowledged. If you wish to re-use the Guide please contact us first.
Some changes introduced since the last edition are:
- Referencing of e versions of academic /peer reviewed journal articles
- New guidance on using quotations
This guide has been compiled with reference to a number of British Standards. The most recent being BS ISO 690:2010 Information and documentation - guidelines for bibliographic references and citations to information resources and Harvard style conventions currently being followed in UK Universities.
If you wish to re-use the Guide you may do so under the terms of the Creative Commons licence as long as your use is restricted to non-commercial purposes and the source is acknowledged. If you wish to re-use the Guide please contact us first.