ARU Harvard
ARU students are now required to use the Cite Them Right style of Harvard referencing, see our Cite Them Right page.The full guide has two sections. In the first part we show you how to cite a reference in the text of your assignment, in the second part we have included instructions for each of the main source types such as books or web pages. Examples are given in red. Any similarities with published works are coincidental.
For more advice on academic writing, please visit the Study Skills Plus Canvas page.
MAIN GUIDE PART 2: THE REFERENCE LIST
USING BOOKS, JOURNALS AND NEWSPAPERS
General guidelines, layout and punctuation
The purpose of a reference list is to enable sources to be easily traced by another reader. Different types of publication require different amounts of information but there are certain common elements such as authorship, year of publication and title, which should be included.
The Harvard style lays down standards for the order and content of information in the reference. Some variations of presentation are acceptable provided that they are used consistently.
All items should be listed alphabetically by author or authorship, regardless of the format, whether books, websites or journal articles etc. Where there are several works from one author or source they should by listed together, in date order, with the earliest work listed first.
The Harvard style lays down standards for the order and content of information in the reference. Some variations of presentation are acceptable provided that they are used consistently.
All items should be listed alphabetically by author or authorship, regardless of the format, whether books, websites or journal articles etc. Where there are several works from one author or source they should by listed together, in date order, with the earliest work listed first.
Introduction to Electronic articles
Reference an e-journal article as print if it is also available in a print version of the journal. This is usually the case where you access an article in pdf format and it uses sequential journal page numbers.
Perry, C., 2001. What health care assistants know about clean hands.
Nursing Times, 97(22), pp.63-64.
Nursing Times, 97(22), pp.63-64.
Articles with DOIs
You can choose to use the DOI (Digital Object Identifier) instead of the
format/location/access date. The DOI is a permanent identifier and replaces a
permanent web address for online articles. (These can appear with the preface http://dx.doi.org/). They are often found at the
start/end of an article or on the database landing page for the article. Not all
articles are assigned a DOI. If an article does not have a DOI, use one of the
other e-journal article formats.
Author, Initials., Year. Title of article. Full Title of Journal,[e-journal] Volume number (Issue/Part number), Page numbers if available. DOI.
Author, Initials., Year. Title of article. Full Title of Journal,[e-journal] Volume number (Issue/Part number), Page numbers if available. DOI.
Boon, S., Johnston, B. and Webber, S., 2007. A phenomenographic
study of English faculty's conceptions of information literacy. Journal of
Documentation, [e-journal] 63(2), pp.204 - 228.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00220410710737187.
Goodall, A.H., 2006. Should top universities be led by top researchers and are they?: A citations analysis. Journal of Documentation, [e-journal] 62(3), pp.388 - 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00220410610666529.
Ada, A.F., 2007. A Lifetime of Learning to Teach. Journal of Latinos & Education, [e-journal] 6 (2), pp.103-118. 10.1080/15348430701304658.
Chen, S., 2014. Balancing knowing and not-knowing: an exploration of doctoral candidates performance of researcher selves in the dissertation defence. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, [e-journal] 39 (3), pp.364-379. 10.1080/02602938.2013.834876.
Goodall, A.H., 2006. Should top universities be led by top researchers and are they?: A citations analysis. Journal of Documentation, [e-journal] 62(3), pp.388 - 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00220410610666529.
Ada, A.F., 2007. A Lifetime of Learning to Teach. Journal of Latinos & Education, [e-journal] 6 (2), pp.103-118. 10.1080/15348430701304658.
Chen, S., 2014. Balancing knowing and not-knowing: an exploration of doctoral candidates performance of researcher selves in the dissertation defence. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, [e-journal] 39 (3), pp.364-379. 10.1080/02602938.2013.834876.
IMAGES
Pictures, Images and Photographs
The suggested elements for a reference are:
Artist/Photographer's name (if known), Year of production. Title of image. [type of medium] Collection Details as available (Collection, Document number, Geographical Town/Place: Name of Library/Archive/Repository).
When using an image from a book or journal article, an in text reference should be included and a full reference included at the end of the piece of work. Look for the name of the image creator - either beneath the image, in the text, or in a list of figures, or copyright statement. If there is no author or artist given for the image, it is fair to assume the image was created by the author(s) of the book or journal article.
For an image with a creator who is not the author of your source.
In-text
The full reference
For an image created by the author(s) of the book or article.
In-text
Include the page number in your in-text citation. The full reference would be the reference to the book or journal article you found the image in.
Artist/Photographer's name (if known), Year of production. Title of image. [type of medium] Collection Details as available (Collection, Document number, Geographical Town/Place: Name of Library/Archive/Repository).
Beaton, C., 1956. Marilyn Monroe. [photograph] (Marilyn Monroe's own private collection).
Beaton, C., 1944. China 1944: A mother resting her head on her sick child's pillow in the Canadian Mission Hospital in Chengtu. [photograph] (London, Imperial War Museum Collection).
Beaton, C., 1944. China 1944: A mother resting her head on her sick child's pillow in the Canadian Mission Hospital in Chengtu. [photograph] (London, Imperial War Museum Collection).
When using an image from a book or journal article, an in text reference should be included and a full reference included at the end of the piece of work. Look for the name of the image creator - either beneath the image, in the text, or in a list of figures, or copyright statement. If there is no author or artist given for the image, it is fair to assume the image was created by the author(s) of the book or journal article.
For an image with a creator who is not the author of your source.
In-text
(Degas, 1883 reproduced in Terrasse, 1972, p.41)
The full reference
Terrasse,A., 1972. Degas. London: Thames and Hudson.
For an image created by the author(s) of the book or article.
In-text
(O'Malley, 2010, p.55)
Include the page number in your in-text citation. The full reference would be the reference to the book or journal article you found the image in.
O'Malley, M., 2010. The wisdom of bees. London: Portfolio.
GOOD ACADEMIC PRACTICE
About this Guide
The University Library has released this fifth edition of the Guide to Referencing in the Harvard Style. This is written by Library staff at Anglia Ruskin to support students' information skills, researchers and academic staff, and complies with the ARU Academic Regulations August 2020.
Some changes introduced since the last edition are:
This guide has been compiled with reference to a number of British Standards. The most recent being BS ISO 690:2010 Information and documentation - guidelines for bibliographic references and citations to information resources and Harvard style conventions currently being followed in UK Universities.
If you wish to re-use the Guide you may do so under the terms of the Creative Commons licence as long as your use is restricted to non-commercial purposes and the source is acknowledged. If you wish to re-use the Guide please contact us first.
Some changes introduced since the last edition are:
- Referencing of e versions of academic /peer reviewed journal articles
- New guidance on using quotations
This guide has been compiled with reference to a number of British Standards. The most recent being BS ISO 690:2010 Information and documentation - guidelines for bibliographic references and citations to information resources and Harvard style conventions currently being followed in UK Universities.
If you wish to re-use the Guide you may do so under the terms of the Creative Commons licence as long as your use is restricted to non-commercial purposes and the source is acknowledged. If you wish to re-use the Guide please contact us first.