ARU Harvard
ARU students are now required to use the Cite Them Right style of Harvard referencing, see our Cite Them Right page.The full guide has two sections. In the first part we show you how to cite a reference in the text of your assignment, in the second part we have included instructions for each of the main source types such as books or web pages. Examples are given in red. Any similarities with published works are coincidental.
For more advice on academic writing, please visit the Study Skills Plus Canvas page.
MAIN GUIDE PART 2: THE REFERENCE LIST
USING BOOKS, JOURNALS AND NEWSPAPERS
PDF documents
For a pdf version of, for example, a Government publication or similar which is freely available:
The required elements for a reference are:
Authorship, Year. Title of documents. [type of medium] Place of publication (if known): Publisher. Followed by Available at: include web address or URL for the actual pdf, where available [Accessed date].
The required elements for a reference are:
Authorship, Year. Title of documents. [type of medium] Place of publication (if known): Publisher. Followed by Available at: include web address or URL for the actual pdf, where available [Accessed date].
Bank of England, 2008. Inflation Report. [pdf] Bank of England. Available at: <http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/publications/inflationreport/ir08nov.pdf>
[Accessed 20 April 2009].
Department of Health, 2008. Health inequalities: progress and next steps. [pdf] London: Department of Health. Available at: <http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_085307> [Accessed 9 June 2008].
Department of Health, 2008. Health inequalities: progress and next steps. [pdf] London: Department of Health. Available at: <http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_085307> [Accessed 9 June 2008].
Introduction to Electronic articles
Reference an e-journal article as print if it is also available in a print version of the journal. This is usually the case where you access an article in pdf format and it uses sequential journal page numbers.
Perry, C., 2001. What health care assistants know about clean hands.
Nursing Times, 97(22), pp.63-64.
Nursing Times, 97(22), pp.63-64.
USING OTHER SOURCE TYPES
Reports by organisations
The required elements for a reference are:
Authorship/Organisation, Year. Full title of report. Place: Publisher:
The required elements for an e-version are:
Authorship/Organisation, Year. Full title of report. [type of medium] Place: Publisher. Available at: include web address/URL [Accessed on date]
Authorship/Organisation, Year. Full title of report. Place: Publisher:
Department of Health, 2001. National service framework for older people. London: Department of Health.
Coulter, A. and Collins, A., 2011. Making shared decision-making a reality: no decision about me, without me. London: The King's Fund.
Coulter, A. and Collins, A., 2011. Making shared decision-making a reality: no decision about me, without me. London: The King's Fund.
The required elements for an e-version are:
Authorship/Organisation, Year. Full title of report. [type of medium] Place: Publisher. Available at: include web address/URL [Accessed on date]
Department of Health, 2001. National service framework for older people. [pdf] London: Department of Health. Available at: <http://www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/@dh/@en/documents/digitalasset/dh_4071283.pdf> [Accessed 12 September 2011].
Coulter, A. and Collins, A., 2011. Making shared decision-making a reality: no decision about me, without me. [pdf] London: The King's Fund. Available at: <http://www.kingsfund.org.uk/publications/nhs_decisionmaking.html> [Accessed 12 September 2011].
Mintel, 2019. Consumer Trends, Attitudes and Spending Habits for the Home - UK - January 2019. [online] Mintel. Available through: ARU Library <http://library.aru.ac.uk> [Accessed 22 February 2019].
FAME, 2019. Stock Profile for Tesco, 2009-2019. [online] Bureau Van Dijk. Available through: ARU Library <http://library.aru.ac.uk> [Accessed 22 February 2019].
Passport, 2019. New approaches to functional coffee. [online] Euromonitor, Briefings 11 February. Available through: ARU Library <http://library.aru.ac.uk> [Accessed 22 February 2019].
Passport, 2019. Market size: Hot Drinks, world data. [online] Euromonitor. Available through: ARU Library <http://library.aru.ac.uk> [Accessed 22 February 2019].
Coulter, A. and Collins, A., 2011. Making shared decision-making a reality: no decision about me, without me. [pdf] London: The King's Fund. Available at: <http://www.kingsfund.org.uk/publications/nhs_decisionmaking.html> [Accessed 12 September 2011].
Mintel, 2019. Consumer Trends, Attitudes and Spending Habits for the Home - UK - January 2019. [online] Mintel. Available through: ARU Library <http://library.aru.ac.uk> [Accessed 22 February 2019].
FAME, 2019. Stock Profile for Tesco, 2009-2019. [online] Bureau Van Dijk. Available through: ARU Library <http://library.aru.ac.uk> [Accessed 22 February 2019].
Passport, 2019. New approaches to functional coffee. [online] Euromonitor, Briefings 11 February. Available through: ARU Library <http://library.aru.ac.uk> [Accessed 22 February 2019].
Passport, 2019. Market size: Hot Drinks, world data. [online] Euromonitor. Available through: ARU Library <http://library.aru.ac.uk> [Accessed 22 February 2019].
USING ELECTRONIC SOURCES
Publications available from websites
For publications found on the internet the required elements for a reference are:
Author or corporate author, Year. Title of document. [type of medium] Place: Producer/Publisher. Available at: include web site address/URL(Uniform Resource Locator) [Accessed date].
It is good practice to keep in your files a copy of the first page of any web pages you use
Author or corporate author, Year. Title of document. [type of medium] Place: Producer/Publisher. Available at: include web site address/URL(Uniform Resource Locator) [Accessed date].
Boots Group Plc., 2003. Corporate social responsibility. [online] Boots Group Plc. Available at: <http://www.Boots-Plc.Com/Information/Info.Asp?Level1id=447&Level 2id=0>
[Accessed 23 July 2005].
Defoe, D., 1999. The fortunes and the misfortunes of the famous Moll Flanders. [online] Champaign, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Available at: <http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/370> [Accessed 18 November 2005].
Independent Inquiry into Access to Healthcare for People with Learning Disabilities, n.d. Healthcare for all. [online] Available at: <http://www.iahpld.org.uk/Healthcare_easy_final.pdf> [Accessed 10 April 2009].
Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines, 2001. Hypertension in the elderly. (SIGN publication 20) [online] Edinburgh: SIGN (Published 2001) Available at: <http://www.sign.ac.uk/pdf/sign49.pdf> [Accessed 17 March 2005].
Defoe, D., 1999. The fortunes and the misfortunes of the famous Moll Flanders. [online] Champaign, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Available at: <http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/370> [Accessed 18 November 2005].
Independent Inquiry into Access to Healthcare for People with Learning Disabilities, n.d. Healthcare for all. [online] Available at: <http://www.iahpld.org.uk/Healthcare_easy_final.pdf> [Accessed 10 April 2009].
Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines, 2001. Hypertension in the elderly. (SIGN publication 20) [online] Edinburgh: SIGN (Published 2001) Available at: <http://www.sign.ac.uk/pdf/sign49.pdf> [Accessed 17 March 2005].
It is good practice to keep in your files a copy of the first page of any web pages you use
GOOD ACADEMIC PRACTICE
Getting the Reference List ready
Why reference?
You need to provide references in your work so you can:
Demonstrate that you have read widely and deeply.
Show your understand a topic and who is responsible for its development.
By providing the original source you are acknowledging that you have read the work and recognise the original author(s) ideas.
Help the reader locate where you obtained each quote or idea.
A reference list is always required when you cite other people's work within your assignment.
What is referencing-Evidence?
In academic writing, to support and provide evidence for your arguments, you cite the material you have used. You do this by referring to, or citing, the authors responsible for the information. This information can come from journal or newspaper articles, government reports, books or specific chapters of books, research dissertations or theses, or be material over the internet etc.
When you cite someone's work in the text of your assignment (an in-text citation), you also need to create a full reference. This goes at the end of your work. This gives the full details for the information source so that it can be traced by anyone who reads your work.
Evidence must be from authoritive sources!
The Harvard System
There are many systems for the citation of references.
Most Faculties at Anglia Ruskin University expect students to use the Harvard style of referencing -which is an author and date system.
A two part reference system
In-text - citing within the assignment script- author's surname and year of publication
Reference list at the end of the assignment- full details of the document eg a book
In-text citation
Reference list
Remember is to be consistent in the way you record your references.
Reference List or Bibliography: What's the difference?
A Reference List includes details for everything that you cite in within your assignment. It should be in alphabetical order by author with all the different types of material in one sequence (See Section 3.1 for further details). A Reference List is always required when you cite other people's work within your assignment. Sometimes the terms reference list and bibliography are used interchangeably. Make sure you know what is required for your assignment. Check the module guide before you complete your assignment.
Some Departments may ask you to produce a Bibliography. This is a list of relevant items that you have used to help you prepare for the assignment but which are not necessarily cited in your assignment eg. general background reading to familiarise yourself with the topic.
An annotated bibliography includes the full reference to sources with the addition of notes, which summarise and evaluate the source and will be of variable length, depending on the assessment this may be an independent project or part of a larger research project.
Is referencing included in the Word Count?
Check the Academic Regulations section 6.69 for details of what is excluded from the word count of a submission. These can be accessed on the University website under the section for the Academic Office.
Additional help
We have also produced a Harvard Quick Guide (.pdf) which covers the basics of Harvard Referencing. If you are using this guide in conjunction with Refworks select the output style "Anglia Ruskin Harvard Style v6.1".
You need to provide references in your work so you can:
Demonstrate that you have read widely and deeply.
Show your understand a topic and who is responsible for its development.
By providing the original source you are acknowledging that you have read the work and recognise the original author(s) ideas.
Help the reader locate where you obtained each quote or idea.
A reference list is always required when you cite other people's work within your assignment.
What is referencing-Evidence?
In academic writing, to support and provide evidence for your arguments, you cite the material you have used. You do this by referring to, or citing, the authors responsible for the information. This information can come from journal or newspaper articles, government reports, books or specific chapters of books, research dissertations or theses, or be material over the internet etc.
When you cite someone's work in the text of your assignment (an in-text citation), you also need to create a full reference. This goes at the end of your work. This gives the full details for the information source so that it can be traced by anyone who reads your work.
Evidence must be from authoritive sources!
The Harvard System
There are many systems for the citation of references.
Most Faculties at Anglia Ruskin University expect students to use the Harvard style of referencing -which is an author and date system.
A two part reference system
In-text - citing within the assignment script- author's surname and year of publication
Reference list at the end of the assignment- full details of the document eg a book
In-text citation
Essential components of an essay are "an effective structure " (Redman, 2006, p.22), together with a leading introduction which...
Reference list
Redman, P., 2006. Good essay writing: a social sciences guide. 3rd ed. London: Open University in assoc. with Sage.
Remember is to be consistent in the way you record your references.
Reference List or Bibliography: What's the difference?
A Reference List includes details for everything that you cite in within your assignment. It should be in alphabetical order by author with all the different types of material in one sequence (See Section 3.1 for further details). A Reference List is always required when you cite other people's work within your assignment. Sometimes the terms reference list and bibliography are used interchangeably. Make sure you know what is required for your assignment. Check the module guide before you complete your assignment.
Some Departments may ask you to produce a Bibliography. This is a list of relevant items that you have used to help you prepare for the assignment but which are not necessarily cited in your assignment eg. general background reading to familiarise yourself with the topic.
An annotated bibliography includes the full reference to sources with the addition of notes, which summarise and evaluate the source and will be of variable length, depending on the assessment this may be an independent project or part of a larger research project.
Is referencing included in the Word Count?
Check the Academic Regulations section 6.69 for details of what is excluded from the word count of a submission. These can be accessed on the University website under the section for the Academic Office.
Additional help
We have also produced a Harvard Quick Guide (.pdf) which covers the basics of Harvard Referencing. If you are using this guide in conjunction with Refworks select the output style "Anglia Ruskin Harvard Style v6.1".