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ARU Harvard

ARU students are now required to use the Cite Them Right style of Harvard referencing, see our Cite Them Right page.

We are no longer updating this guide but it is still available for you to use as a guide to "ARU Harvard". ARU as an institution recommends Cite Them Right Harvard to its own students.


The full guide has two sections. In the first part we show you how to cite a reference in the text of your assignment, in the second part we have included instructions for each of the main source types such as books or web pages. Examples are given in red. Any similarities with published works are coincidental.

For more advice on academic writing, please visit the Study Skills Plus Canvas page.


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MAIN GUIDE PART 1: IN-TEXT REFERENCING

Page Numbers

Including the page numbers of a reference will help readers trace your sources. This is particularly important for quotations and for paraphrasing specific paragraphs in the texts:

Lawrence (1966, p.124) states "we should expect ..."

or indirectly:

This is to be expected (Lawrence, 1966, p.124)...

Please note page numbers: preceded with p. for a single page and pp. for a range of pages.

Quoting portions of published text

If you want to include text from a published work in your essay then the sentence(s) must be included within quotation marks, and may be introduced by such phrases as:

the author states that "............"

or

the author writes that "............"

On the topic of professional writing and referencing Cormack and Brown (1994, p.32) have stated..."When writing for a professional readership, writers invariably make reference to already published works..."

In order for a reader to trace the quoted section it is good practice to give the number of the page where the quotation was found. You may also indent quotations, but should consult your Faculty, for guidance and the relevant Academic Regulations.

MAIN GUIDE PART 2: THE REFERENCE LIST

USING BOOKS, JOURNALS AND NEWSPAPERS

E-books

E-books available through the University Library

For e-books accessed through a password protected database from the University Library the required elements for a reference are:

Author, Initials., Year, Title of book. [e-book] Place of publication: Publisher. Followed by Available through: ARU Library website <https://library.aru.ac.uk> [Accessed date].

Fishman, R., 2005. The rise and fall of suburbia. [e-book] Chester: Castle Press. Available through: ARU Library website <https://library.aru.ac.uk> [Accessed 12 May 2010].

Carlsen, J. and Charters, S., eds. 2007. Global wine tourism. [e-book] Wallingford: CABI Pub. Available through: ARU Library website <https://library.aru.ac.uk> [Accessed 9 June 2008].

Wood, P. and Chesterton, W., eds. 2018. Global warming and the oceans. 4th ed. [e-book] Oxford: Oxford University Press. Available through: ARU Library website <https://library.aru.ac.uk> [Accessed 9 June 2008].

For an open access e-book freely available over the internet such as through Google books

The required elements for a reference are:

Author, Initials., Year. Title of book. [e-book] Place of publication (if known): Publisher. Followed by Available at: e-book source and web address or URL for the e-book [Accessed date].

Cookson, J. and Church, S. eds., 2007. Leisure and the tourist. [e-book] Wallingford: ABS Publishers. Available at: Google Books <https://books.google.com> [Accessed 9 June 2008].


For an e-book from specific e-readers and other devices such as Kindle, or Nook

The required elements for a reference are:
Author, Initials., Year, Title of book. [e-book type] Place of publication (if available): Publisher. Followed by Available at: e-book source and web address [Accessed date].

Patterson, M. 2012. Lost places in dreams. [Kindle DX version] Transworld Media. Available at: Amazon.co.uk <https:// www.amazon.co.uk> [Accessed 9 June 2012].

If you include a quotation from an e-book without page numbers, use the section heading or chapter heading as a guide to locating your quotation, if available.

USING OTHER SOURCE TYPES

Quotations from written plays

When reviewing a number of different plays it is essential to cite the title of the plays. If reviewing one play (for example Twelfth Night), it is not necessary to repeat the title in your citations.

Published plays may contain line numbers, particularly in classic texts such as Shakespeare. If they exist it is good practice to include the line number. Act and Scene numbers must always be included.

Classic plays are available in edited editions and the editor's name should be included with your reference.

The required elements for a reference are:

Author, Initials., Year (of edition). Title of play. Edited by (name of editor, initials first, then surname). Place of publication: Publisher.

Shakespeare, W., 1995. Twelfth Night. Edited by R. Warren and T. Wells. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

In-text:

After the date, add Act.Scene: line number(s). Line numbers may not be available, Act.Scene should always be included.

Much speculation has occurred when Malvolio imagines he might marry Olivia, "there is example for't; the Lady of the Strachy married the yeoman of the wardrobe" (Shakespeare, 1995, 2.5: 36-7).

GOOD ACADEMIC PRACTICE

About this Guide

The University Library has released this fifth edition of the Guide to Referencing in the Harvard Style. This is written by Library staff at Anglia Ruskin to support students' information skills, researchers and academic staff, and complies with the ARU Academic Regulations August 2020.

Some changes introduced since the last edition are:
  • Referencing of e versions of academic /peer reviewed journal articles
  • New guidance on using quotations

This guide has been compiled with reference to a number of British Standards. The most recent being BS ISO 690:2010 Information and documentation - guidelines for bibliographic references and citations to information resources and Harvard style conventions currently being followed in UK Universities.

If you wish to re-use the Guide you may do so under the terms of the Creative Commons licence as long as your use is restricted to non-commercial purposes and the source is acknowledged. If you wish to re-use the Guide please contact us first.