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ARU Harvard

ARU students are now required to use the Cite Them Right style of Harvard referencing, see our Cite Them Right page.

We are no longer updating this guide but it is still available for you to use as a guide to "ARU Harvard". ARU as an institution recommends Cite Them Right Harvard to its own students.


The full guide has two sections. In the first part we show you how to cite a reference in the text of your assignment, in the second part we have included instructions for each of the main source types such as books or web pages. Examples are given in red. Any similarities with published works are coincidental.

For more advice on academic writing, please visit the Study Skills Plus Canvas page.


Search the full Guide

MAIN GUIDE PART 1: IN-TEXT REFERENCING

Websites

To cite material found on a website, you need to identify who is responsible for producing it - the authorship.

This may be a named individual or a corporate author (an organisation, institution or company).

If you cannot see a named author, look for a corporate author. This could be in the website name, the About Us section or in the URL or web address.

The date for a website may not be obvious. Look around the page if it is not in the headline information - it might be at the bottom in the copyright statement.



In this example the authorship would be Mundasad and the date 2016.

An in-text reference for the above examples would read:

Recent research on meningitis (Mundasad, 2016) has shown...

MAIN GUIDE PART 2: THE REFERENCE LIST

USING BOOKS, JOURNALS AND NEWSPAPERS

General guidelines, layout and punctuation

The purpose of a reference list is to enable sources to be easily traced by another reader. Different types of publication require different amounts of information but there are certain common elements such as authorship, year of publication and title, which should be included.

The Harvard style lays down standards for the order and content of information in the reference. Some variations of presentation are acceptable provided that they are used consistently.

All items should be listed alphabetically by author or authorship, regardless of the format, whether books, websites or journal articles etc. Where there are several works from one author or source they should by listed together, in date order, with the earliest work listed first.

E-books

E-books available through the University Library

For e-books accessed through a password protected database from the University Library the required elements for a reference are:

Author, Initials., Year, Title of book. [e-book] Place of publication: Publisher. Followed by Available through: ARU Library website <https://library.aru.ac.uk> [Accessed date].

Fishman, R., 2005. The rise and fall of suburbia. [e-book] Chester: Castle Press. Available through: ARU Library website <https://library.aru.ac.uk> [Accessed 12 May 2010].

Carlsen, J. and Charters, S., eds. 2007. Global wine tourism. [e-book] Wallingford: CABI Pub. Available through: ARU Library website <https://library.aru.ac.uk> [Accessed 9 June 2008].

Wood, P. and Chesterton, W., eds. 2018. Global warming and the oceans. 4th ed. [e-book] Oxford: Oxford University Press. Available through: ARU Library website <https://library.aru.ac.uk> [Accessed 9 June 2008].

For an open access e-book freely available over the internet such as through Google books

The required elements for a reference are:

Author, Initials., Year. Title of book. [e-book] Place of publication (if known): Publisher. Followed by Available at: e-book source and web address or URL for the e-book [Accessed date].

Cookson, J. and Church, S. eds., 2007. Leisure and the tourist. [e-book] Wallingford: ABS Publishers. Available at: Google Books <https://books.google.com> [Accessed 9 June 2008].


For an e-book from specific e-readers and other devices such as Kindle, or Nook

The required elements for a reference are:
Author, Initials., Year, Title of book. [e-book type] Place of publication (if available): Publisher. Followed by Available at: e-book source and web address [Accessed date].

Patterson, M. 2012. Lost places in dreams. [Kindle DX version] Transworld Media. Available at: Amazon.co.uk <https:// www.amazon.co.uk> [Accessed 9 June 2012].

If you include a quotation from an e-book without page numbers, use the section heading or chapter heading as a guide to locating your quotation, if available.

Articles from a Library database

For articles accessed through a password protected database from the University Library:

Author, Initials., Year. Title of article. Full Title of Journal, [type of medium] Volume number (Issue/Part number), Page numbers if available. Available through: ARU Library website <http://library.aru.ac.uk> [Accessed date].

Boughton, J.M., 2002. The Bretton Woods proposal: an in depth look. Political Science Quarterly, [e-journal] 42(6). Available through: ARU Library website <http://library.aru.ac.uk> [Accessed 12 June 2005].

An example of a Cochrane Review

Katchamart, W., Trudeau, J., Phumethum, V. and Bombardier, C., 2010. Methotrexate monotherapy versus methotrexate combination therapy with non-biologic disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs for rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, [online] 4 (CD008495) Available at: < http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008495/abstract> [Accessed 6 August 2013].

An example of an early view article from the BMJ

Currie, G.P., Small, I. and Douglas, G., 2013. Long acting ?2 agonists in adult asthma. BMJ, [e-journal] Early view article: Accepted 20 May 2013, Published 6 August 2013, BMJ2013 ;347:f4662. Available at: <http://www.bmj.com/content/347/bmj.f4662> [Accessed 8 August 2013].

Journal abstract from a database

For a journal abstract from a database where you have been unable to access the full article, the required elements for a reference are:

Author, Initials., Year. Title of article. Full Title of Journal, [type of medium] Volume number (Issue/Part number), Page numbers if available. Abstract only. Available through: Source [Accessed date].

Boughton, J.M., 2002. The Bretton Woods proposal: a brief look. Political Science Quarterly, [e-journal] 42(6). Abstract only. Available through: ARU Library website <http://library.aru.ac.uk> [Accessed 12 June 2005].

Every effort should be made to read the article in full if you intend to use this work as supporting evidence in an academic submission.

USING OTHER SOURCE TYPES

Annual report

The required elements for a reference are:

Corporate author, Year. Full title of annual report, Place of Publication: Publisher.

Marks & Spencer, 2004. The way forward, Annual report 2003-2004, London: Marks & Spencer.

For an e-version of an annual report. The required elements for a reference are:

Author or corporate author, Year. Title of document or page, [type of medium]
Available at: include web site address/URL(Uniform Resource Locator)
[Accessed date]

Marks & Spencer, 2004. Annual report 2003-2004. [online]
Available at: <http://www-marks-and-spencer.co.uk/corporate/annual2003/>
[Accessed 4 June 2005].

It is good practice to keep in your files a copy of the front page of any website you use containing reference details

British Standards and International Standards

The required elements for a reference are:

Corporate author, Year of Publication. Identifying letters and numbers and full title of Standard, Place of publication: Publisher.

British Standards Institution, 1990. BS 5555:1990 Recommendations for wiring identification. Milton Keynes: BSI.

International Standards Office, 1998. ISO 690 - 2 Information and documentation: Bibliographical references: Electronic documents. Geneva: ISO.


The required elements for an e-version are:

Corporate author, Year. Identifying letters and numbers and full title of Standard [online]. Place of publication (if available): Publisher. Available through: ARU Library website <http://library.aru.ac.uk> [Accessed date].


British Standards Institution, 2011. BS EN 594:2011 Timber structures. Test methods. Racking strength and stiffness of timber frame wall panels. [online] British Standards Online. Available through: ARU Library website <http://library.aru.ac.uk> [Accessed 31 August 2011].

Building Regulations

The required elements for a reference are:

Corporate Authority, Year of Publication. Full title of regulation and edition. [format] Place of publication: Publisher. Available through: ARU Library website <http://library.aru.ac.uk> [Accessed date].

(This example is for an Online version from CIS):

Building Regulations, 2016. Building Regulations 2010: Approved Documents L1A: Conservation of fuel and power in new dwellings (2013 edition incorporating 2016 amendments) (for use in England). [online] Newcastle upon Tyne: NBS. Construction Information Service. Available through: ARU Library website <http://library.aru.ac.uk> [Accessed 8 November 2017].

USING ELECTRONIC SOURCES

Websites

For websites found on the internet the required elements for a reference are:

Authorship or Source, Year. Title of web document or web page. [type of medium] (date of update if available) Available at: include web address/URL * [Accessed date].

NHS Evidence, 2003. National Library of Guidelines. [online] Available at: <http://www.library.nhs.uk/guidelinesFinder> [Accessed 10 October 2009].


Foundation for Economic Education(FEE), 2014. England's Whetstone named FEE's first "Blinking Lights" award recipient.. [online] Available at: < http://www.fee.org/publications/detail/englands-whetstone-namedfees-first-blinking-lights-award-recipient> [Accessed 16 July 2014].

*URL means Uniform Resource Locator - an address identifying the location of a file on the Internet

If a URL is exceedingly long, or the result of a personal search on a website, you can give the website's home page address with the routing or web path, showing your reader how to get from the home page to the specific page you have referenced.

It is good practice to keep in your files a copy of the first page of any web pages you use.

Publications available from websites

For publications found on the internet the required elements for a reference are:

Author or corporate author, Year. Title of document. [type of medium] Place: Producer/Publisher. Available at: include web site address/URL(Uniform Resource Locator) [Accessed date].

Boots Group Plc., 2003. Corporate social responsibility. [online] Boots Group Plc. Available at: <http://www.Boots-Plc.Com/Information/Info.Asp?Level1id=447&Level 2id=0> [Accessed 23 July 2005].

Defoe, D., 1999. The fortunes and the misfortunes of the famous Moll Flanders. [online] Champaign, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Available at: <http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/370> [Accessed 18 November 2005].

Independent Inquiry into Access to Healthcare for People with Learning Disabilities, n.d. Healthcare for all. [online] Available at: <http://www.iahpld.org.uk/Healthcare_easy_final.pdf> [Accessed 10 April 2009].

Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines, 2001. Hypertension in the elderly. (SIGN publication 20) [online] Edinburgh: SIGN (Published 2001) Available at: <http://www.sign.ac.uk/pdf/sign49.pdf> [Accessed 17 March 2005].


It is good practice to keep in your files a copy of the first page of any web pages you use

IMAGES

Maps - Print Maps, Digimap and Google Earth

The required elements for a reference are:

Map maker, Year of issue. Title of map. Map series, Sheet number, scale. Place of publication: Publisher.

Ordnance Survey, 2006. Chester and North Wales. Landranger series, Sheet 106, 1:50000. Southampton: Ordnance Survey.


The required elements for Digimap are:

Map publisher (origin), Year of publication. Created map title, Scale. Source [online] Available through Library website <http://library.aru.ac.uk> [Accessed date].

Ordinance Survey, 2011. Anglia Ruskin University: Chelmsford Campus, 1:1.500. EDINA Digimap. [online] Available through: ARU Library <http://library.aru.ac.uk> [Accessed 31 August 2011].


The suggested elements for Google Earth are:

Google Earth version (if applicable), Year data released. Image details - location, co-ordinates, elevation. Data set (if applicable) [online] Available through: URL [Accessed date].

Google Earth 6.0, 2008. Hylands House and Estates 51°42'39.17"N, 0°26'11.30"W, elevation 60M. 3D Buildings data layer. [online] Available through: <http://www.google.com/earth/index.html> [Accessed 31 August 2011].

GOOD ACADEMIC PRACTICE

Getting the Reference List ready

Why reference?
You need to provide references in your work so you can:
Demonstrate that you have read widely and deeply.
Show your understand a topic and who is responsible for its development.
By providing the original source you are acknowledging that you have read the work and recognise the original author(s) ideas.
Help the reader locate where you obtained each quote or idea.
A reference list is always required when you cite other people's work within your assignment.

What is referencing-Evidence?
In academic writing, to support and provide evidence for your arguments, you cite the material you have used. You do this by referring to, or citing, the authors responsible for the information. This information can come from journal or newspaper articles, government reports, books or specific chapters of books, research dissertations or theses, or be material over the internet etc.

When you cite someone's work in the text of your assignment (an in-text citation), you also need to create a full reference. This goes at the end of your work. This gives the full details for the information source so that it can be traced by anyone who reads your work.
Evidence must be from authoritive sources!

The Harvard System
There are many systems for the citation of references.
Most Faculties at Anglia Ruskin University expect students to use the Harvard style of referencing -which is an author and date system.

A two part reference system
In-text - citing within the assignment script- author's surname and year of publication
Reference list at the end of the assignment- full details of the document eg a book

In-text citation
Essential components of an essay are "an effective structure " (Redman, 2006, p.22), together with a leading introduction which...

Reference list
Redman, P., 2006. Good essay writing: a social sciences guide. 3rd ed. London: Open University in assoc. with Sage.

Remember is to be consistent in the way you record your references.

Reference List or Bibliography: What's the difference?
A Reference List includes details for everything that you cite in within your assignment. It should be in alphabetical order by author with all the different types of material in one sequence (See Section 3.1 for further details). A Reference List is always required when you cite other people's work within your assignment. Sometimes the terms reference list and bibliography are used interchangeably. Make sure you know what is required for your assignment. Check the module guide before you complete your assignment.

Some Departments may ask you to produce a Bibliography. This is a list of relevant items that you have used to help you prepare for the assignment but which are not necessarily cited in your assignment eg. general background reading to familiarise yourself with the topic.

An annotated bibliography includes the full reference to sources with the addition of notes, which summarise and evaluate the source and will be of variable length, depending on the assessment this may be an independent project or part of a larger research project.

Is referencing included in the Word Count?
Check the Academic Regulations section 6.69 for details of what is excluded from the word count of a submission. These can be accessed on the University website under the section for the Academic Office.

Additional help
We have also produced a Harvard Quick Guide (.pdf) which covers the basics of Harvard Referencing. If you are using this guide in conjunction with Refworks select the output style "Anglia Ruskin Harvard Style v6.1".